RESUMO
Resumen El concepto de bienestar subjetivo se refiere a la forma global, positiva o negativa, en la que las personas evalúan sus vidas y experiencias. La búsqueda de factores que expliquen el bienestar subjetivo, actualmente uno de los temas de mayor interés en la psicología, condujo al concepto de satisfacciones de dominios, que se entienden como los juicios que las personas hacen al evaluar los mayores dominios de vida. Este estudio correlacional tuvo por objetivo establecer la relación de la satisfacción en los dominios económico, de pareja, familia, amigos, salud, vida universitaria y rendimiento académico, con los componentes cognitivo y emocional del bienestar subjetivo (satisfacción vital y felicidad, respectivamente), identificando cuáles de esos dominios lo predicen. La muestra, no probabilística, estuvo conformada por 344 estudiantes de una universidad pública colombiana (50.9 % mujeres y 49.1 % hombres) con edades entre 18 y 29 años (. = 20.89; DT = 2.52). Los resultados mostraron una fuerte relación de todos los dominios con el bienestar subjetivo. La satisfacción en los dominios económico, de pareja, familia, amigos y vida universitaria explicó la varianza de la satisfacción vital y la felicidad en forma diferenciada. Se concluye que: (a) el bienestar se afecta con la satisfacción de necesidades asociadas a los dominios cercanos e importantes para el individuo; (b) las satisfacciones de dominios impactan más el componente cognitivo del bienestar que el emocional; (c) el dominio económico satisface más necesidades cognitivas, la amistad suple necesidades emocionales, y la pareja, la familia y la vida universitaria satisfacen ambas.
Abstract The concept of subjective well-being refers to the overall positive or negative way in which people evaluate their lives and experiences. It is generally accepted that subjective well-being is made up of a cognitive component usually called satisfaction with life or life satisfaction and an emotional component usually referred to as happiness. The search for factors that explain subjective well-being is currently one of the most interesting topics in psychology and led to the concept of domain satisfactions, which are understood as the judgments that people make when evaluating the major domains of life. It refers to the perceived degree of satisfaction that we obtain from the way in which each of these main domains or areas of our lives are developed. This correlational study with predictive intent aimed at establishing the relationship of satisfaction in the economic, couple, family, friends, health, university life, and academic performance domains, with the cognitive and emotional components of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and happiness, respectively), identifying which of these domains predict well-being. The non-probabilistic sample, for convenience, was made up of 344 women and men (50.9 % and 49.1 % respectively) between 18 and 29 years of age (M = 20.89); SD = 2.52), students from an important Colombian public university based in the city of Palmira. The instruments, which include the Diener's life satisfaction and Lyubomirsky and Lepper's happiness scales, and simple items for each domain satisfaction studied (economic, couple, family, friends, health, university life, and academic performance) were answered in a format printed by 64 % of the participants and in virtual format by 36 %, according to their own choice. The results showed that all domain satisfactions were significantly related to both the cognitive and the emotional components of subjective well-being. The results also showed that except for satisfaction with health and academic performance, all other domain satisfactions predicted at least one of the components of subjective well-being. In general, domain satisfactions explained the variance of satisfaction and happiness much better than sociodemographic variables. Thus, it was confirmed that the psychological significance of events that occur in the main areas of people´s lives have much more relevance to well-being than situational factors such as sociodemographic ones. In a different sense, and order of impact, satisfaction with the economic domain, satisfaction with university life, and satisfaction with the couple emerged as the domains that had the greatest influence on life satisfaction, and satisfaction with friends and satisfaction with university life emerged as the strongest predictors of happiness. The results suggest that well-being is especially affected by the satisfaction of needs associated with the closest domains and more important to the individual. These would include the economic domain and relationships that involve affections, but also other domains that, for specific reasons, occupy a relevant place in the individual's internal hierarchy of importance, which may vary among cultures and even among people of the same culture. The above conclusion could explain, among other findings, the significant impact of satisfaction with university life on subjective well-being. The results also suggest that, in general, domain satisfactions have a greater impact on the cognitive component of well-being than on the emotional component, and that, in particular, domains such as economics fundamentally satisfy cognitive needs, friendship fundamentally satisfy emotional needs, and other domains such as couple, family and university life, satisfy both cognitive and emotional needs. This would demonstrate the importance of applying differentiated instruments to study the cognitive and emotional components of well-being.
RESUMO
Investigación cuantitativa que buscó establecer la relación entre la satisfacción vital (variable principal) y las variables autoestima personal, bienestar material percibido, prejuicio grupal percibido, discriminación personal percibida e identidad nacional, identificando cuáles, entre estas últimas, podían predecir la primera. La muestra, no probabilística, estuvo conformada por 171 colombianos, hombres y mujeres, residentes en Estados Unidos. Los resultados indicaron que la autoestima y el bienestar material percibido fueron las variables más estrechamente relacionadas con la satisfacción vital, siendo, además, las únicas predictoras positivas de esta. Las expresiones de prejuicio no impactaron significativa-mente la satisfacción vital, mientras que la identidad nacional presentó un impacto nulo.
This quantitative investigation aimed at establishing the relationship between life satisfaction (main variable) and the variables personal self-esteem, perceived material well-being, perceived group prejudice, perceived personal discrimination and ethnic identity. The sample, not probabilistic, was comprised of 171 Colombians, men and women, who reside in the United States. Results indicated that self-esteem and perceived material well-being were the variables most closely related to life satisfaction, being, moreover, the only positive predictors in the model. Expressions of prejudice did not significantly impact life satisfaction while ethnic identity showed not impact at all.
Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa que buscou estabelecer a relação entre a satisfação vital (variável principal) e as variáveis: autoestima pessoal, bem-estar material percebido, preconceito grupal percebido, discriminação pessoal percebida e identidade nacional, bem como identificar quais, entre estas últimas, podiam predizer a primeira. A amostra, não probabilística, foi conformada por 171 colombianos, homens e mulheres, residentes nos Estados Unidos. Os resultados indicaram que a autoestima e o bem-estar material percebidos foram as variáveis mais estreitamente relacionadas com a satisfação vital; além disso, foram as únicas preditoras positivas desta. As expressões de preconceito não impactaram significativamente a satisfação vital, enquanto a identidade nacional apresentou um impacto nulo.
RESUMO
Objetivo. Estudiar la relación entre las variables psicosociales satisfacción con la vida, importancia del vínculo familiar, identidad nacional, importancia del dinero y apertura al cambio y la intención migratoria externa de colombianos residentes en varios municipios del Valle del Cauca para identificar cuáles son las mayores predictoras de la intención migratoria. Método. Estudio empírico con metodología cuantitativa-correlacional e intención predictiva, con 969 participantes seleccionados de manera no probabilística mediante la técnica bola de nieve, en la que contactos personales e institucionales iniciales condujeron al resto. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron que un porcentaje significativo de los participantes manifestaron intención de emigrar y mostraron una relación negativa y significativa de las variables satisfacción con la vida, importancia del vínculo familiar e identidad nacional con la intención migratoria, así como una relación positiva y significativa de las variables apertura al cambio e importancia del dinero con la misma intención migratoria. La identidad nacional emergió como el mayor predictor negativo y la apertura al cambio como el mayor predictor positivo de la intención migratoria. Conclusión. La intención migratoria es un fenómeno multivariado en el que los factores psicológicos juegan un importante papel.
Objective. To study the relationship between psychosocial variables: life satisfaction, importance of family ties, national identity, importance of money and openness to change, and external migratory intention of Colombian residents in several municipalities of the Valley of Cauca, identifying which, among the first, are the major predictors of migratory intention. Method. Empirical study with quantitative-correlational methodology and predictive intention, with 969 participants selected in non-probabilistic manner using the technique known as snowball, in which personal and institutional initial contacts led the rest. Results. The results indicated that a significant percentage of the participants showed intention to emigrate and also showed a negative and significant relationship between the variables life satisfaction, importance of family ties and national identity, with migratory intention and a positive and significant relationship of variables openness to change and importance of money with the same migratory intention. National identity emerged as the most negative predictor and openness to change as the most positive predictor of migratory intention. Conclusion. The main conclusion is that migratory intention is a multivariate phenomenon in which psychological factors play an important role.
Escopo. Estudar a relação entre variáveis psicossociais satisfação com a vida, importância do vínculo familiar, identidade nacional, importância do dinheiro e apertura para as mudanças com a intenção migratória externa de colombianos residentes em vários municípios do Valle del Cauca para identificar quais são as maiores preditoras da intenção migratória. Metodologia. Estudo empírico com metodologia quantitativa-correlacional e intenção preditiva, com 969 participantes selecionados de forma não probabilística mediante a técnica de "bola de neve", na que contatos pessoais e institucionais iniciais dirigiram ao resto. Resultados. Os resultados indicaram que uma porcentagem significativa dos participantes manifestaram uma intenção de emigrar e mostraram uma relação negativa e significativa das variáveis satisfação com a vida, importância do vínculo familiar e identidade nacional com a intenção, e uma relação positiva e significativa das variáveis apertura para a mudança e importância do dinheiro com a mesma intenção migratória. A identidade nacional emergiu como o maior preditor negativo e a apertura para a mudança como o maior preditor positivo da intenção migratória. Conclusão. A intenção migratória é um fenómeno multivariado no que os fatores psicológicos têm um papel importante.
Assuntos
IntençãoRESUMO
El propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar la relación de la satisfacción vital con varios factores psicosociales corrientemente vinculados a los procesos de migración internacional. En concreto, este estudio exploró la relación de la satisfacción vital - componente cognitivo del bienestar subjetivo - con las variables prejuicio grupal percibido, discriminación personal percibida, autoestima global personal, identidad nacional y bienestar material percibido. La investigación, de tipo empírico y cuantitativo, se realizó através de un muestreo no probabilístico con inmigrantes colombianos en varias ciudades del Ecuador (N = 185). Confirmando las hipótesis, se halló una relación positiva entre la satisfacción vital, el bienestar material percibido y la autoestima. Se confirmó así mismo una relación negativa entre la satisfacción vital, la discriminación personal percibida y la identidad nacional. Estas mismas variables; la autoestima, el bienestar material percibido, la discriminación personal percibida y la identidad nacional, emergieron como predictoras de la satisfacción vital. No se confirmó, en cambio, la relación negativa hipotetizada entre la satisfacción vital y el prejuicio grupal percibido. Se hace un análisis de dichos resultados desde la literatura psicosocial.
The aim of this research was to study the relationship between life satisfaction and various psychosocial variables usually linked to international migration processes. Specifically, this study explored the relationship between life satisfaction-a cognitivedimension of subjective well-being- and perceived group prejudice, perceived personal discrimination, global personal self-esteem, national identity and perceived material well- being. The research, of empirical quantitative type, was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of Colombian migrants at several cities of Ecuador. As expected, the hypothesis that life satisfaction was positively related to self -esteem and perceived material well-being was confirmed. Also, a negative correlation was confirmed between life satisfaction, perceived personal discrimination and national identity. Results show that the variables self-esteem, perceived material well-being, perceived personal discrimination and national identity are significant predictors of life satisfaction. Findings didn·t confirm the expected negative association between life satisfaction and perceived group prejudice. Results are analyzed from a psychosocial perspective.
O propósito desta pesquisa foi estudar a relação da satisfação vital com vários fatores psicossociais correntemente vinculados aos processos de migração internacional. Em concreto, este estudo explorou a relação da satisfação vital - componente cognitivo do bem-estar subjetivo - com as variáveis preconceito grupal percebido, discriminação pessoal percebida, autoestima global pessoal, identidade nacional e bem-estar material percebido. A pesquisa, de tipo empírica e quantitativa, foi realizada através de um amostra não probabilística com imigrantes colombianos em várias cidades do Equador (N = 185). Confirmando as hipóteses, foi encontrada uma relação positiva entre a satisfação vital, o bem-estar material percebido e a autoestima. Foi confirmada assim uma relação negativa entre a satisfação vital, a discriminação pessoal percebida e a identidade nacional. Estas mesmas variáveis; a autoestima, o bem-estar material percebido, a discriminação pessoal percebida e a identidade nacional, emergiram como preditoras da satisfação vital. Contudo, não foi confirmada a relação negativa hipotética entre a satisfação vital e o preconceito grupal percebido. É feita uma análise desses resultados desde a literatura psicossocial.